The Low-down.

ARE YOU READY FOR THE TRUTH?

Using all available evidence, we have come up with a plausible scenario which may have led to the tragic event. The death of a female child ,Anya Suriati in a park suggests that this could be a case of sexual assault.

As paedophiles have the tendency to content their infatuation for pre-pubescent children, it is not surprising that the criminal may have chosen a setting where the presence of children is common in a park, in this case.

The paedophile might be lurking behind every corner of the park, in search of his next victim. Coincidentally, poor little Anya was at the wrong place at the wrong time, there he found Anya Suriati, playing in the park, without any supervision. Here comes his chance. He walked towards Anya Suriati, reached out into his pocket, with a slight grin on his face.

"Hey little girl, want a lollipop?"

Poor innocent Anya hesitated for a second before she reaches out to grab the lollipop.

"What's your favourite colour?" asked the man.

"Pink." Anya whispered.

"Well, I have more, follow me"

Anya followed him to a quiet area nearby. The man grabbed hold of Anya, he began to show his true colours, unleashing his inner devil. Poor helpless Anya struggled to get away from his strong grasps, she screamed at the top of her lungs. The man thought that he could get away with his monstrous act, but Anya's scream caught the attention of two men who were jogging nearby the area.

" Dad, did you hear that? " asked Adi Hartono.

"Yeah, let's check it out, sounds like someone's in trouble." Herman Hartono replied.

The Hartono father and son have coincidentally observed this crime and have attempted to rescue Anya. As the paedophile tried to eradicate any living witnesses, he used a blunt weapon and blew several punches on the jaw in the midst of the fight. This corresponds to the blunt force injury and a broken jaw found.

For the remains of three victims to be left unnoticed in a public area connotes that they were probably buried. In addition, burying bodies in soil agrees to our previous assumption of a quickened decomposition process (4 months for Anya instead of the average 1 year). The criminal may have used a shovel to bury the bodies, which tells us that the criminal has planned for this. This case is unlikely an accident, it is a murder, a gruesome , horrifying murder.

Three dead Bodies were found, The Hartono father and son, and Anya Suriati. As for the murderer, he's still on the loose, wandering around on the streets, in search of his next victim. 

Who's next?

Question 6

Question 6

Part III- Murder Most Brutal

The DNA profile showed evidence for a father and son. In addition there was DNA profiling pattern that matched one living twin (Tanya Rosilawati). With this, match the evidence to these victims who were earlier filed for missing persons. Explain your rationale.

Since the Dna profile shows evidence for a father and son which is Herman Hartono and Adi Hartono. Hence, we can conclude that the jaw pieces and skull remains from the Image 1 and 2,3,4 belong to either one of them. The DNA profiling of the other victim matched one living twin which is Tanya Rosilawati, thus we can confirm that the child jaw remains belongs to the reported missing twin, Anya Suriati. This is because twins have similar DNA profiling patterns, thus we came to a conclusion that Anya Suriati is the child victim in this brutal murder case.

Question 5 (Part I, II, III)

Part III- Murder Most Brutal

Question 5 : Match the photos of victims' of evidence ,explaining your rationale for doing so.

Image 1

Image 1 has 2 third molars present in the mandible. It has a big possibility that the mandible belongs to an adult above the age of 17 as the tooth eruption date for the third molar is at the age between 17-21 years old. The Mandible and skull remains of image 1 belongs to a male as it shows protruding chin and prominent mandible arch. Therefore according to the missing profiles given in the passage,we can assume that the victim might be either Herman Hartono or his son,Adi Hartono.There are three teeth left on right mandible, which are first, second, and third molar( indication of adulthood ). There are also two teeth left on left mandible, which are second and third molar. All the teeth on maxillary bone are missing.skull is fractured may be due to injury before death or bad archaeology when pressure applied on the skull while being buried in the soil for a long period of time. Supraorbital margin is more rounded in shape . Zygomatic bone is more prominent . We can also observe that the mandible has a slightly protruding arch which will indicate a chin protruding Thus , we can conclude that this victim is a male

                                  

Image 2 

Fractured mandible bearing three teeth at the back (lateral view)

From this image, we can double confirm that the third molar of the victim has erupted. The tooth eruption period for third molar is 17 to 21 years old. The victim has an angular and square shaped mandible. We can assume that the victim is a male.

  

Image 3

fractured mandible bearing three teeth at the back (medial view)

Same finding as image 2.

Image 4

Image 2,3,4 has three back teeth which includes a third molar present at the right mandible .As per mentioned in Image I, the tooth eruption date for third molar is in the age of 17-21 years old. Hence,the victim has to be an adult above the age of 17. In addition to the context, the victim has an angular and square shaped mandible indicating a male victim. The victim might be Herman Hartona or Adi Hartona. Based on the image alone, we can't match the image 1 and 2,3,4 to either Herman Hartono or Adi Hartono.Therefore, we need further evidence such as the dental records , dna profile and radiographs of the respective victims for further confirmation. fractured mandible bearing three teeth at the back (superior view)

There is obvious depression on mesial surface of the first molar. It may be due to caries, chipped or broken tooth.

Image 5

From the image, we can see an erupted tooth on the right mandible with rounded mesial and distal outline. Therefore we hypothesize that it is a right mandibular canine, which indicate that the victim may be around 2 to 8 years old.Therefore, it might fit the profile of Anya Suriati, 9 yrs old, who was reported missing.

Hypothesis

Image 1 :
Adult male skull and mandible


Image 2, 3, 4:
Adult male mandible

Image 5:
Children mandible. Age is ranged between 2 to 8 years old.

·         Considering the evidences available up to this point in time, describe in detail how you would go about investigating further, assuming you are Dr. Rudi or Dr. Suria, explaining what you anticipate at each step.

Considering the evidences available up to this point the first step will be to

1)      Examine the skull and pieces of jaw to create a profile for the victim including

a)      Age – Through the cranial sutures . An adult over the age of 30 will have cranial sutures . As the person’s increases the skull becomes smoother since the sutures are fused

 or tooth erupted (only estimated age can be obtained )

A common method is using carbon -14 an isotopic carbon analysis of developed teeth to determine precise age and obtain clues to the victim’s geographic origin.

b)      Gender

Brow ridge – more prominent brow ridge in males as seen in this victim

Mandible – a more angular and sharp mandible in males

c)      Race

The world population is traditionally divided by physical

anthropologists into three categories: Caucasoid (commonly known as whites), Mongoloid which can be divided into two groups : Asians and

Southwest Mongoloids, and Negroid( commonly known as blacks )

Dental Traits – e.g. Mongoloids have shovel shaped incisors

Facial Features – e.g. Monogoloids have a broader face and a lower nose    bridge

2)      DNA Profiling

Steps in DNA Profiling

a)      DNA must be extracted i.e. from fingerprints

b)      DNA Quantitation to determine the amount of DNA available prefrerably arpproximately 1 nanogram

c)      PCR Amplification-Chemicals are added to the sample to allow specific fragments of DNA to reproduce millions of times.

d)     Genotyping – DNA fragments are separated using electrophoresis

e)      Compare – DNA of the victim is usually compared to a blood related victim

Question 4: Other Methods of Identification

Methods of Victim Identification

1. Fingerprinting

2. Facial Reconstruction

3. Dental Implant Record

1. Fingerprint

2 types of fingerprint :

1.      Digital Fringerprint

2.      DNA Fingerprints

Digital Fingerprint

1.      come from the raised ridges of skin that runs in patterns of curving lines along the tips of fingers and thumbs

2.      the common patterns includes arches, loops and whorls

3.      do not change throughout the course of life

4.      unique to every individual except for identical twins

5.      divided into 2 types : patent fingerprint and latent fingerprint

Patent Fingerprint

 friction ridge impressions which are obvious to the human eye and which have been caused by the transfer of foreign material from a finger onto a surface.

Patent prints can be left on surfaces by materials such as ink, dirt or blood.

Latent Fingerprint

accidental impression left by friction ridge skin on a surface, regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at the time of deposition.

Latent prints may exhibit only a small portion of the surface of a finger and this may be smudged, distorted, overlapped by other prints from the same or from different individuals, or any or all of these in combination. For this reason, latent prints usually present an “inevitable source of error in making comparisons,” as they generally “contain less clarity, less content, and less undistorted information than a fingerprint taken under controlled conditions, and much, much less detail compared to the actual patterns of ridges and grooves of a finger

DNA Fingerprinting

-          also known as DNA profiling

-          99.9% difference in every individual except for monozygotic twins

-          Embedded in every cell, blood, sweat and saliva

 

HOW

1.      Collection of samples (blood, sweat, tears, body fluids) from crime scene and samples from suspects

2.      Polymearase Chain Reaction (PCR) method used to create unlimited copies of the obtained samples in a short time to increase the amount of DNA available for Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) testing.

3.      RFLP a sequence of DNA that has a restriction site on each end with a "target" sequence in between. A target sequence is any segment of DNA that bind to a probe by forming complementary base pairs. A probe is a sequence of single-stranded DNA that has been tagged with radioactivity or an enzyme so that the probe can be detected. When a probe base pairs to its target, the investigator can detect this binding and know where the target sequence is since the probe is detectable. RFLP produces a series of bands when a Southern Blot is performed with a particular combination of restriction enzyme and probe sequence.

2. Facial Reconstruction 

This method is often used as a last resort to identify the skeletal remains of an unidentified person, and it suffers from an ongoing skepticism caused by the advent of the personal computer and modern software technology. There are numerous techniques to sculpture a face onto the skull, all of which rely on the reproduction of a potentially recognizable face using the published soft tissue thicknesses in different racial groups .Facial reconstruction is a method used in forensic anthropology to aid in the identification of skeletal remains. The reproduction of the facial features of an individual is based upon the average soft tissue thicknesses over various anatomical sites of the skull and jaws and is duplicated by means of modeling clay. There are significant differences in the thicknesses of the soft tissues of males and females of different races Various techniques have been employed to measure the thickness of the facial tissues of adults, children, and young adults . The methods used to "flesh out" a face may vary, but each method incorporates a harmonious balance between science and art that eventually results in a reproduction of a face that may lead to an identification.

However experienced the sculptor is, there are certain accuracy limits that occur during the reconstruction of a face. Sculptors can only guess hairstyles and cannot create the expressions on a persons face that make the sculpture completely life like. However, a sculpture is successful if it aids in jogging someone's memory or can narrow down a search by excluding anyone whose face does not resemble the reconstructed face.

HOW

The Steps:

1. Markers indicate the depths of tissue to be added to the skull (a cast in this case). Studies over the past century of males and females of different ancestral groups determine the measures of these depths.
2. Applying strips of clay, the artist begins to rebuild the face by filing in around the markers.
3. The artist begins to refine features around the artificial eyes.
4. The lips take shape.
5. Facial contours have been smoothed and subtle details added to accurately personalize the reconstruction.

The finished product only approximates actual appearance because the cranium does not reflect soft-tissue details (eye, hair, and skin color; facial hair; the shape of the lips; or how much fat tissue covers the bone). Yet a facial reconstruction can put a name on an unidentified body in a modern forensic case—or, in an archaeological investigation, a face on history.

3. Dental Implant Record

A dental implant is a prosthetic device that is inserted into the upper or lower jawbone, onto which an artificial tooth, crown or bridge can be anchored. Dental implants are typically constructed from titanium. More recently some manufacturers are constructing their implants from zirconia or a combination of titanium and zirconia.

The physical properties of high corrosion resistance, high structural strength and high melting point, suggest the retention of intact implants following most physical assaults. As the implants are machine made, they lack the individualisation required for their use as identifiers of the deceased, however the Straumann™ Company (Waldenburg, Switzerland) has recently released information that within the chamber of their implants they have laser etched batch numbers. 

Dental implants made from titanium have a melting point greater than 1650ºC and those made from zirconia have a melting point greater than 1850ºC. This physical property of extremely  high melting point could potentially assist in the identification of victims where there is lack of other scientific evidence such as DNA or fingerprints and loss of the fragile dental remains. 

In the cases of extreme incineration of victims who have been treated with implants it is important to ascertain if the implant batch or serial numbers within the implant chambers survive the incineration process sufficiently that their numbers can be identified.

Question 2 & 3 : Male Skull vs. Female Skull

2. Skull (Cranium & Mandible)

Male Skull

• generally larger than female
• large brow ridges, with sloping, less rounded forehead
• larger projections behind ears (mastoid process)
• small chin with a more vertical (acute) angle of jaw
• greater definition of muscle attachment area at the back of the neck

MALE SKULL

FEMALE SKULL

We can look at many other aspects to come to a conclusion.

1. weight

male : heavier

female : lighter

2. size

male : larger

female : smaller

3. bony mass or thickness of the bone 

male : slightly sloping or receding forehead

female : forehead is vertical

4. vault of the skull

male : more rounded

female : more flattened

5. contour of the face

male : overall length of the skull is longer, the chin is bigger and protrudes more forward, skull is rugged due to its muscular make up, zygomatic bone also more massive.

female : skull is more rounded with the facial bones being smoother, both maxilla and mandible smaller.

6. supreorbital margin

male : more rounded

female : sharper

7. tympanic plate 

male : larger and margins are more rounded

female : smaller and margins are less rounded

8. frontal bone and forehead

male : brow ridges are well demarcated

female : smooth and more vertical frontal bone

9. mastoid process

male : larger

female : smaller

Question 3: 

From the above abstract, we believe that one victim was present at the crime scene, however due to a lack of information we cannot be sure as some details are hazy. The “top of the skull” “jaw fragments” provided are only enough evidence to show the possible presence of one victim. 

Question 1 : Forensic Odontology

1.

Forensic Odontology is the application of dental science to the administration of the law. It provides an important community service in both the civil and criminal legal jurisdictions.

The scope of forensic odontology is wide and includes the identification of victims of transport accidents, gunshot, and incineration in vehicles and house fires. It is based upon the recognition of unique features present in each person's dental structures. It also includes the examination of bitemarks inflicted by humans and animals in a variety of circumstances. Particularly significant are the bitemarks frequently produced upon victims of child abuse. Assessment of age is another important role of forensic odontology, applicable to both deceased and living persons.

It relies on the detailed knowledge of the teeth and jaws possessed by a dentist. This skill incorporates an education in dental anatomy, radiographs and their interpretation, pathology, dental materials, developmental anomalies and a thorough familiarity with the many methods of charting and abbreviations in dental treatment progress notes.  

This area of forensic identification plays a major role in man-made or natural disaster, which result in multiple fatalities that are not identifiable through conventional methods, i.e., fingerprints. The same principles apply to individual fatality identification. In situations where friction ridge skin has been destroyed, the recovery of identifiable dental structures is still possible. It becomes most apparent in aircraft crashes and industrial explosions where high G forces and fire produce fragmentation and partial incineration. The teeth and dental restorations are the strongest elements in the human body and survive the destructive influences of fire and exposure to the elements.

Individualization from dental radiographs is based upon several factors, the most important being the ability to locate a source of known dental or medical radiographs, which clearly document unique points of identification. As has been previously stated, it is also dependent upon the survivability of dental structure for post mortem radiography. Further, it is also dependent upon deriving a presumptive identification of the fatality from other investigative means; i.e., flight manifests, personal effects, or other circumstantial evidence. Unlike a central repository for automated fingerprint analysis, dental records must be derived individually.

Once obtained, even a single dental radiograph can yield multiple points of comparison. When one considers that an individual has the potential for having thirty-two teeth, each tooth having a top and four sides and each of these five surfaces being virgin or restored with one or more of several types of dental materials, the probability of establishing an identification is extremely high. When factors such as an extraction pattern, the presence of anatomic anomalies or pathology is added, the probability of the dental characteristics becoming unique can be established.